Coughing up of blood
CAUSES
LUNG CAUSES:
• Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Bronchiectasis
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary tuberculosis
• Bronchitis ( Acute and chronic)
• Pulmonary infraction
• Lung abscess
HEART CAUSES:
Left ventricular failure
Mitrial stenosis
Aortic aneurysm
SYMPTOMS
Depends on cause
If
BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA:
Cause- Cigarette smoking
Symptoms-
• Cough may be the early symptom
• Change in the regular cough of smoker
• Expectation of the purulent sputum
Haemoptysis is common
Investigation-
Confirm by biopsy and histopathology
BRONCHIECTASIS:
Cause – Foreign body, Bronchial adenoma, Tuberculosis
Symptoms –
• Cough with expectation
• Expectation related with change of posture
• Sputum – copious, purulent, offensive
• Haemoptysis
• Fever
• Breathlessness
Investigation-
Confirmed by HRCT of lung
PNEUMONIA–
Cause – Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Symptoms-
• Haemoptysis
• Cought with rusty colore
• Sputum
• Fever
• Breathlessness
• Chest pain
Investigation-
Confirmed by chest X-Ray
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS:
Cause – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symptoms-
• Haemoptysis
• Chronic cough with sputum
• Chest pain
• Breathlessness
Investigation-
• Chest X-Ray
• Sputum examination
• HRCT
LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE:
Cause-
• Acute myocardial infarction
• Aortic incompetence
• Aortic stenosis
• Mitrial incompetence
• Mitrial stenosis
Symptoms-
• Haemoptysis
• Shortness of breath
• Chronic cough
• Fatigue
• Edema in the ankles, legs and/or feet
• Sudden weit gain
• Irregular heartbeat
Investigation-
ECG, X-Ray
MITRIAL STENOSIS:
Cause – Acute rheumatic fever
Symptoms-
• Haemoptysis
• Palpitation
• Dysponea
Investigation-
ECG, X-Ray
LUNG ABSCESS:
Cause-
• Aspiration of septic material
• During anesthesia
• Infection
Symptoms-
• Fever with chill and rigor
• Severe cough with copious foul • Smelling sputum
• Breathless ness
• Haemoptysis
Investigation-
• Bronchoscopic examination
• X-ray
• HRCT
PNEUMOTHORAX:
Cause-
• Chest trauma
• Pleural biopsy
• Bronchogenic carcinoma
Symptoms-
• Haemoptysis
• Sharp pain in the chest due to stretching of pleura
• Fever
• Shortness of breath
Investigation-
• X-ray
• HRCT
COMPLICATIONS
LUNG ABSCESS:
• Empyema
• Cerebral abscess with pneumonic complications
• Bronchiectasis
• Gangrene of lung
PNEUMONIA:
• Pleural effusion
• Lung abscess
• Delay resolution
• Respiratory failure
• Meningitis
• Empyema
• Cerebral abscess
• Pneumothorax
MITRAL STENOSIS:
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Pulmonary oedema
Right ventricular failure
Right atrium failure
Thrombo embolism
INVESTIGATION
Depends on cause.
For
PNEUMOTHORAX:
• X-ray
• HRCT
LUNG ABSCESS:
• Bronchoscopic examination
• X-ray
• HRCT
MITRAL STENOSIS:
ECG, X-Ray
LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE:
ECG, X-Ray
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS:
• Chest X-Ray
• Sputum examination
• HRCT
PNEUMONIA:
• Chest X-Ray
• HRCT
BRONCHIECTASIS:
HRCT
BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA:
Confirm by biopsy and histopathology
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the cause
For
PNEUMOTHORAX:
• Observation-
If your pneumothorax is minor
• Supplemental oxygen-
• Needle oxygen
• Chest tube drainage
• Chemical pleurodesis
• Surgery-
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
LUNG ABSCESS:
• Antibiotics
• Cough medicine
• Fever reducers/ pain relievers
• Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( ECMO)
• Hospitalization if you are older than age 65
MITRAL STENOSIS:
••Medication-
• Diuretics
• Blood thinners ( Anticoagulants)
• Beta blockers
• Calcium channel blockers
• Anti-arrhythmics
• Antibiotics
••Surgery-
Percutaneous ballon mitral valvuloplasty
Surgical commissurotomy
Mitral valve repair
Mitral valve replacement
PNEUMONIA:
• Antibiotics
• Cough medicine
• Fever reducers/ pain relievers
• Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( ECMO)
• Hospitalization if you are older than age 65
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS:
••Medicines
• Isoniazid
• Rifampin
• Ethambutol
• Pyrazinamide
